Patterns are everywhere. We see them in the ebb and flow of the tide, the petals of a flower, or the shape of a seashell. If we look closely, we can see patterns in almost everything around us. The price movements of financial markets are also patterned, and Elliott wave analysis gives you the tools to interpret those patterns.

The Fibonacci sequence is vital to Elliott wave analysis — as a matter of fact, R.N. Elliott wrote that the Fibonacci sequence provides the mathematical basis of the Wave Principle. Once you understand the Fibonacci sequence, it’s easy to apply it to the markets you trade.

The following excerpt is from a new eBook from Elliott Wave International Senior Tutorial Instructor Wayne Gorman: How You Can Use Fibonacci to Improve Your Trading. Wayne explains how the Fibonacci sequence is derived and how it can be used to understand market behavior.

Learn how you can download the entire 14-page eBook below.

The Golden Ratio and the Golden Spiral

Let’s start with a refresher on Fibonacci numbers. If we start at 0 and then go to the next whole integer number, which is 1, and add 0 to 1, that gives us the second 1. If we then take that number 1 and add it again to the previous number, which is of course 1, we have 1 plus 1 equals 2. If we add 2 to its previous number of 1, then 1 plus 2 gives us 3, and so on. 2 plus 3 gives us 5, and we can do this all the way to infinity. This series of numbers, and the way we arrive at these numbers, is called the Fibonacci sequence. We refer to a series of numbers derived this way as Fibonacci numbers.

We can go back to the beginning and divide one number by its adjacent number — so 1÷1 is 1.0, 1÷2 is .5, 2÷3 is .667, and so on. If we keep doing that all the way to infinity, that ratio approaches the number .618. This is called the Golden Ratio, represented by the Greek letter phi (pronounced “fie”). It is an irrational number, which means that it cannot be represented by a fraction of whole integers. The inverse of .618 is 1.618. So, in other words, if we carry the series forward and take the inverse of each of these numbers, that ratio also approaches 1.618. The Golden Ratio, .618, is the only number that will also be equal to its inverse when added to 1. So, in other words, 1 plus .618 is 1.618, and the inverse of .618 is also 1.618.

This is a diagram of the Golden Spiral. The Golden Spiral is a type of logarithmic spiral that is made up of a number of Fibonacci relationships, or more specifically, a number of Golden Ratios. For example, if we take a specific arc and divide it by its diameter, that will also give us the Golden Ratio 1.618. We can take, for example, arc WY and divide it by its diameter of WY. That produces the multiple 1.618. Certain arcs are also related by the ratio of 1.618. If we take the arc XY and divide that by arc WX, we get 1.618. If we take radius 1 (r1), compare it with the next radius of an arc that’s at a 90° angle with r1, which is r2, and divide r2 by r1, we also get 1.618.

Fibonacci-Based Behavior in Financial Markets

We can visualize that the stock market or financial markets are actually spiraling outward in a sense. This is a diagram of the stock market whereby the top of each successive wave of higher degree (in terms of the Wave Principle) becomes the touch point of an exponential expansion or logarithmic spiral. We can actually visualize the market in this sense, and we will see later on, in terms of Fibonacci ratios and multiples, how this unfolds.

This is a diagram of the Elliott wave pattern. It is a typical diagram showing us the higher degree in Roman numerals with wave I up (motive) and wave II down (corrective). One of the connections to Fibonacci ratios and numbers is that with Elliott wave, if we look at how many waves there are within each wave, we end up with Fibonacci numbers.

Learn How You Can Use Fibonacci to Improve Your Trading If you’d like to learn more about Fibonacci and how to apply it to your trading strategy, download the entire 14-page free eBook, How You Can Use Fibonacci to Improve Your Trading. EWI Senior Tutorial Instructor Wayne Gorman explains: The Golden Spiral, the Golden Ratio, and the Golden Section How to use Fibonacci Ratios/Multiples in forecasting How to identify market targets and turning points in the markets you trade And more! See how easy it is to use Fibonacci in your trading. Download your free eBook today >>

Financial Planning Software – Is It Beneficial for the Experienced Investor?

Financial planning software is being used by many experienced investors to track their investments and set proper investment targets and accomplish their goals. It can be used to formulate a well-planned budget and carry out a thorough examination of your investment portfolio and get a clear idea of your present financial situation. If you are one such experienced investor, then with the help of financial planning software, you will be able to get a quick handle on your financial condition. Without proper financial planning and debt tracking it is easy to incur a serious debt burden resulting in the need for a debt consolidation program to come out of debt problems.

Managing your own dollars

Financial planning software enables you to plan a personal financial budget that will allow you to monitor your income and expenses related to the various purchases you make every month. Apart from this, these applications help you check out what new expenses are added in your budget, where your dollars flow out and most importantly, how much money is left from your monthly income for saving, investing or spending on extras.

All in One Place

A majority of these applications enable you to bring all your money accounts together. As such, you may import your bank account, loan account, credit card account and other investment accounts into this application directly. You can observe all of your accounts with the account links that are easily accessible and make a comparison between your various accounts. Good financial planning software gives you the option to look at all of your accounts from a single application.

Quality investment planning software

Quality investment planning software can automate many of the monotonous tasks that are involved in determining your stocks or your net worth’s value. However, there are some better applications that provide reporting options along with advanced filtering tools. Some of the investment software applications enable you to see your securities portfolio within a definite time period. With the help of the software, you’ll be able to make informed decisions regarding your portfolio. The applications enable you to get immediate price quotes and indexes for mutual funds, stocks and other securities that are present in your portfolio.

What If?

Many applications enable you to get a clear idea about your financial condition with “what if” situation choice and net worth reports. With the help of net worth reports, you get a better insight about your current financial status and provide different kinds of reports that will enable you to estimate your net worth at the specific time. However, a “what if” feature allows you to find out how adding funds or reallocating to different investment vehicles or securities may change your financial status.

Financial data accessible to the Internet

Some software applications will even enable you to accumulate some information from the Internet while away from your computer. This, in turn, will enable you to examine your financial information from anywhere and at any time. This is convenient if you have to travel a lot or need to use your data when you’re not in front of your personal computer. The key here of course is maintianing your financial security. Some online brokerage accounts provide links that will give you access to not only their account balances but your balances at other institutions as well.

Some good financial planning applications are even available for free from various brokerage companies. The key is to find the features that are most beneficial for you. They help you manage your personal finances in an organized manner so that you can keep control of your money flow and stay away from unnecessary debt. For more information on some of the commercial packages available see Financial Planning Software from Amazon.

Part I: How One Technical Indicator Can Identify Three Trade Setup

Trading using technical indicators — such as the MACD, for example — can do one of two things: help you or hurt you.

Elliott Wave International’s Jeffrey Kennedy explains what he loves and hates about technical indicators and shows you how he uses them to his advantage in this excerpt from his FREE eBook, The Commodity Trader’s Classroom.

I love a good love-hate relationship, and that’s what I’ve got with technical indicators. Technical indicators are those fancy computerized studies that you frequently see at the bottom of price charts that are supposed to tell you what the market is going to do next (as if they really could). The most common studies include MACD, Stochastics, RSI, and ADX, just to name a few.

The No. 1 (and Only) Reason to Hate Technical Indicators
I often hate technical studies because they divert my attention from what’s most important – PRICE.

Have you ever been to a magic show? Isn’t amazing how magicians pull rabbits out of hats and make all those things disappear? Of course, the “amazing” is only possible because you’re looking at one hand when you should be watching the other. Magicians succeed at performing their tricks to the extent that they succeed at diverting your attention.

That’s why I hate technical indicators; they divert my attention the same way magicians do. Nevertheless, I have found a way to live with them, and I do use them. Here’s how: Rather than using technical indicators as a means to gauge momentum or pick tops and bottoms, I use them to identify potential trade setups.

Three Reasons to Learn to Love Technical Indicators
Out of the hundreds of technical indicators I have worked with over the years, my favorite study is MACD (an acronym for Moving Average Convergence-Divergence). MACD, which was developed by Gerald Appel, uses two exponential moving averages (12-period and 26-period). The difference between these two moving averages is the MACD line. The trigger or Signal line is a 9-period exponential moving average of the MACD line (usually seen as 12/26/9�so don’t misinterpret it as a date). Even though the standard settings for MACD are 12/26/9, I like to use 12/25/9 (it’s just me being different). An example for MACD is shown in Figure 10-1 (Coffee).

The simplest trading rule for MACD is to buy when the MACD line (the thin line) crosses above the Signal line (the thick line), and sell when the MACD line crosses below the Signal line. Some charting systems (like Genesis or CQG) may refer to the MACD line as MACD and the Signal line as MACDA. Figure 10-2 (Coffee) highlights the buy-and-sell signals generated from this very basic interpretation.

Although many people use MACD this way, I choose not to, primarily because MACD is a trend-following or momentum indicator. An indicator that follows trends in a sideways market (which some say is the state of markets 80% of the time) will get you killed. For that reason, I like to focus on different information that I’ve observed and named: Hooks, Slingshots and Zero-Line Reversals. Once I explain these, you’ll understand why I’ve learned to love technical indicators.

Keep reading about Hooks, Slingshots, and Zero Line Reversals in The Commodity Trader’s Classroom. This free eBook is filled with 32 pages of actionable trading lessons, such as: How to Make Yourself a Better Trader How the Wave Principle Can Improve Your Trading When to Place a Trade How to Identify and Use Support and Resistance Levels How to Apply Fibonacci Math to Real-World Trading How to Integrate Technical Analysis into an Elliott Wave Forecast Download your FREE Commodity Trader’s Classroom eBook today!

Close to ninety percent of all traders lose money. The remaining ten percent somehow manage to either break even or even turn a profit — and more importantly, do it consistently. How do they do that?

That’s an age-old question. While there is no magic formula, EWI Senior Instructor Jeffrey Kennedy has identified five fundamental flaws that, in his opinion, stop most traders from being consistently successful. We don’t claim to have found The Holy Grail of trading here, but sometimes a single idea can change a person’s life. Maybe you’ll find one in Jeffrey’s take on trading. We sincerely hope so.

The following is an excerpt from Jeffrey Kennedy’s Trader’s Classroom Collection, Volume 4. Learn how to get 14 more actionable trading lessons — FREE — below.

Why Do Traders Lose?

If you’ve been trading for a long time, you no doubt have felt that a monstrous, invisible hand sometimes reaches into your trading account and takes out money. It doesn’t seem to matter how many books you buy, how many seminars you attend or how many hours you spend analyzing price charts, you just can’t seem to prevent that invisible hand from depleting your trading account funds.

Which brings us to the question: Why do traders lose? Or maybe we should ask, “How do you stop the Hand?” Whether you are a seasoned professional or just thinking about opening your first trading account, the ability to stop the Hand is proportional to how well you understand and overcome the Five Fatal Flaws of trading. For each fatal flaw represents a finger on the invisible hand that wreaks havoc with your trading account.

Fatal Flaw No. 1 — Lack of Methodology
If you aim to be a consistently successful trader, then you must have a defined trading methodology, which is simply a clear and concise way of looking at markets. Guessing or going by gut instinct won’t work over the long run. If you don’t have a defined trading methodology, then you don’t have a way to know what constitutes a buy or sell signal. Moreover, you can’t even consistently correctly identify the trend.

How to overcome this fatal flaw? Answer: Write down your methodology. Define in writing what your analytical tools are and, more importantly, how you use them. It doesn’t matter whether you use the Wave Principle, Point and Figure charts, Stochastics, RSI or a combination of all of the above. What does matter is that you actually take the effort to define it (i.e., what constitutes a buy, a sell, your trailing stop and instructions on exiting a position). And the best hint I can give you regarding developing a defined trading methodology is this: If you can’t fit it on the back of a business card, it’s probably too complicated.

Fatal Flaw No. 2 — Lack of Discipline
When you have clearly outlined and identified your trading methodology, then you must have the discipline to follow your system. A Lack of Discipline in this regard is the second fatal flaw. If the way you view a price chart or evaluate a potential trade setup is different from how you did it a month ago, then you have either not identified your methodology or you lack the discipline to follow the methodology you have identified. The formula for success is to consistently apply a proven methodology. So the best advice I can give you to overcome a lack of discipline is to define a trading methodology that works best for you and follow it religiously.

Fatal Flaw No. 3 — Unrealistic Expectations
Between you and me, nothing makes me angrier than those commercials that say something like, “…$5,000 properly positioned in Natural Gas can give you returns of over $40,000…” Advertisements like this are a disservice to the financial industry as a whole and end up costing uneducated investors a lot more than $5,000. In addition, they help to create the third fatal flaw: Unrealistic Expectations.

Yes, it is possible to experience above-average returns trading your own account. However, it’s difficult to do it without taking on above-average risk. So what is a realistic return to shoot for in your first year as a trader — 50%, 100%, 200%? Whoa, let’s rein in those unrealistic expectations. In my opinion, the goal for every trader their first year out should be not to lose money. In other words, shoot for a 0% return your first year. If you can manage that, then in year two, try to beat the Dow or the S&P. These goals may not be flashy but they are realistic, and if you can learn to live with them — and achieve them — you will fend off the Hand.

Fatal Flaw No. 4 — Lack of Patience
The fourth finger of the invisible hand that robs your trading account is Lack of Patience. I forget where, but I once read that markets trend only 20% of the time, and, from my experience, I would say that this is an accurate statement. So think about it, the other 80% of the time the markets are not trending in one clear direction.

That may explain why I believe that for any given time frame, there are only two or three really good trading opportunities. For example, if you’re a long-term trader, there are typically only two or three compelling tradable moves in a market during any given year. Similarly, if you are a short-term trader, there are only two or three high-quality trade setups in a given week.

All too often, because trading is inherently exciting (and anything involving money usually is exciting), it’s easy to feel like you’re missing the party if you don’t trade a lot. As a result, you start taking trade setups of lesser and lesser quality and begin to over-trade.

How do you overcome this lack of patience? The advice I have found to be most valuable is to remind yourself that every week, there is another trade-of-the-year. In other words, don’t worry about missing an opportunity today, because there will be another one tomorrow, next week and next month…I promise.

I remember a line from a movie (either Sergeant York with Gary Cooper or The Patriot with Mel Gibson) in which one character gives advice to another on how to shoot a rifle: “Aim small, miss small.” I offer the same advice in this new context. To aim small requires patience. So be patient, and you’ll miss small.

Fatal Flaw No. 5 — Lack of Money Management
The final fatal flaw to overcome as a trader is a Lack of Money Management, and this topic deserves more than just a few paragraphs, because money management encompasses risk/reward analysis, probability of success and failure, protective stops and so much more. Even so, I would like to address the subject of money management with a focus on risk as a function of portfolio size.

Now the big boys (i.e., the professional traders) tend to limit their risk on any given position to 1% – 3% of their portfolio. If we apply this rule to ourselves, then for every $5,000 we have in our trading account, we can risk only $50 – $150 on any given trade. Stocks might be a little different, but a $50 stop in Corn, which is one point, is simply too tight a stop, especially when the 10-day average trading range in Corn recently has been more than 10 points. A more plausible stop might be five points or 10, in which case, depending on what percentage of your total portfolio you want to risk, you would need an account size between $15,000 and $50,000.

Simply put, I believe that many traders begin to trade either under-funded or without sufficient capital in their trading account to trade the markets they choose to trade. And that doesn’t even address the size that they trade (i.e., multiple contracts).

To overcome this fatal flaw, let me expand on the logic from the “aim small, miss small” movie line. If you have a small trading account, then trade small. You can accomplish this by trading fewer contracts, or trading e-mini contracts or even stocks. Bottom line, on your way to becoming a consistently successful trader, you must realize that one key is longevity. If your risk on any given position is relatively small, then you can weather the rough spots. Conversely, if you risk 25% of your portfolio on each trade, after four consecutive losers, you’re out all together.

Break the Hand’s Grip
Trading successfully is not easy. It’s hard work…damn hard. And if anyone leads you to believe otherwise, run the other way, and fast. But this hard work can be rewarding, above-average gains are possible and the sense of satisfaction one feels after a few nice trades is absolutely priceless. To get to that point, though, you must first break the fingers of the Hand that is holding you back and stealing money from your trading account. I can guarantee that if you attend to the five fatal flaws I’ve outlined, you won’t be caught red-handed stealing from your own account.

Get 14 Critical Lessons Every Trader Should Know Learn about managing your emotions, developing your trading methodology, and the importance of discipline in your trading decisions in The Best of Trader’s Classroom, a FREE 45-page eBook from Elliott Wave International. Since 1999, Jeffrey Kennedy has produced dozens of Trader’s Classroom lessons exclusively for his subscribers. Now you can get “the best of the best” in these 14 lessons that offer the most critical information every trader should know. Find out why traders fail, the three phases of a trader’s education, and how to make yourself a better trader with lessons on the Wave Principle, bar patterns, Fibonacci sequences, and more! Don’t miss your chance to improve your trading. Download your FREE eBook today!

Robert Prechter reveals why he embraced the Wave Principle.

Robert Prechter is the widely recognized authority on the Elliott Wave Principle.

Read how he learned about the Wave Principle and why he embraced it in the edited excerpt from his book Prechter’s Perspective below (Q&A format):

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Question: What was it about Elliott that captured your attention?

Robert Prechter: I had seen some mentions of the Wave Principle in a few market newsletters and a couple of obscure books, and I decided that either this was someone’s elaborate fantasy or it was an amazing discovery. I wanted to reject it from what evidence I could find or include it as part of my growing arsenal of technical analytical methods.

Q: How long did it take you to develop your “eye” for discerning these waves?

RP: About 30 minutes — when I plotted my first hourly chart covering a few months. Apparently, there is such a thing as an eye for patterns. One person told me he had trouble finding the fives and threes. The key is to keep a chart. Most people have no trouble seeing the Principle at work.

Q: You accepted it just like that?

RP: When you begin to see the five-wave impulses and the three-wave corrections unfold over and over, it does not take long for you to say either “I see, but I refuse to believe it,” or “This is obviously what’s happening; let’s see how far it continues.” It took about a year and a half of applying it until I knew that Elliott was absolutely right. I’m pretty hard-headed, and it takes substantial reason for me to accept a new idea. By that time, I decided I had seen what amounted to proof. I then said to myself, “This is unbelievable. How come no one is commenting on this? The market is pulling back to points he said it should pull back to in the patterns. It is rising up to levels he said it should, in ways he said it should.”

Q: What was it that convinced you?

RP: The Wave Principle proves itself when you merely keep a chart. Once I did that, I recognized what was going on rather quickly. The wave patterns are repetitive and at times, over protracted periods, they are easily discernible.

——————–

The basic Elliott wave pattern consists of impulsive waves (denoted by numbers) and corrective waves (denoted by letters). An impulsive wave is composed of five subwaves and moves in the same direction as the trend of the next larger size. A corrective wave consists of three subwaves and moves against the trend of the next larger size.

As the chart below shows, these basic patterns link to form five- and three-wave structures of increasingly larger size.

The Elliott Wave Principle helps to identify turning points in the trends of financial markets.

It does not provide certainty, yet the Wave Principle does provide a way to assess the probabilities of possible future paths of a given financial market.

Learn more in the free Elliott Wave Basic TutorialThe Elliott Wave Basic Tutorial is a 10-lesson comprehensive online course with the same content you’d receive in a formal training class — but you can learn at your own pace and review the material as many times as you like! Get 10 FREE Lessons on The Elliott Wave Principle that Will Change the Way You Invest Forever

A look at EWI president Robert Prechter’s requirements for successful trading

How often have you heard analysts refer to a down day on Wall Street as “traders taking profits”? Sounds great, but the sobering fact is that most traders — in futures, commodities, or forex — lose money.

Any book on trading will list for you the many reasons why most traders lose. Yet some traders do win; some even set records. In 1984, Elliott Wave International’s founder and president Robert Prechter won the U.S. Trading Championship, setting a new all-time profit record of 444.4% in a monitored real-money options account. Later in his monthly Elliott Wave Theorist, Prechter published a Special Report “What A Trader Really Needs To Be Successful” with 5 important insights for would-be market speculators (including the explanation of why “market manipulation” is not why most traders lose.)

Here’s a quick excerpt — and to read Prechter’s Special Report in full, free, look below.

“What A Trader Really Needs To Be Successful” (excerpt) By Robert Prechter

Ever since winning the United States Trading Championship in 1984 (see footnotes, p.4), subscribers have asked for a list of “tips” on trading, or even a play-by-play of the approximately 200 short term trades I made while following hourly market data over a four month period. Neither of these would do anyone any good. What successful trading requires is both more and less than most people think.

In watching the reports of each new Championship over the past three years, it has been a joy to see what a large percentage of the top winners have been Elliott Wave Theorist subscribers and telephone consultation customers. (In fact, in the latest “standings” report from the USTC, of the top three producers in each of four categories, half are EWT subscribers!) However, while good traders may want the input from EWT, not all EWT subscribers are good traders. Obviously the winners know something the losers don’t. What is it? What are the guidelines you really need to meet in order to trade the markets successfully?

When I first began trading, I did what many others who start out in the markets do: I developed a list of trading rules. The list was created piecemeal, with each new rule added, usually, following the conclusion of an unsuccessful trade. I continually asked myself, what would I do differently next time to make sure that this mistake would not recur? The resulting list of “do’s” and “don’ts” ultimately comprised about 16 statements. Approximately six months following the completion of my carved-in-stone list of trading rules, I balled up the paper and threw it in the trash.

What was the problem with my list, a list typical of so many novices who think they are learning something? After several months of attempting to apply the “rules,” it became clear that I made not merely a mistake here and there in the list, but a fundamental error in compiling the list in the first place. The error was in taking aim at the last trade each time, as if the next trading situation would present a similar problem. By the time 16 rules are created, all situations are covered and the trader is back to square one.

Let me give you an example of the ironies that result from the typical method of generating a list of trading rules. One of the most popular trading maxims is, “You can’t go broke taking a profit.” (The brokers invented that one, of course, which is one reason that new traders always hear of it!) This trading maxim appears to make wonderful sense, but only when viewed in the context of a recent trade with a specific outcome. When you have entered a trade at a good price, watched it go your way for a while, then watched it go against you and turn into a loss, the maxim sounds like a pronouncement of divine wisdom. What you are really saying, however, is that in the context of the last trade “I should have sold when I had a small profit.”

Now let’s see what happens on the next trade. You enter a trade, and after just a few days of watching it go your way, you sell out, only to stare in amazement as it continues to go in the direction you had expected, racking up paper gains of several hundred percent. You ask a more experienced trader what your error was, and he advises you sagely while peering over his glasses, “Remember this forever: Cut losses short; let profits run.” So you reach for your list of trading rules and write this maxim, which means only, of course “I should NOT have sold when I had a small profit.”

So trading rules #2 and #14 are in direct conflict. Is this an isolated incident? What about rule #3, which reads, “Stay cool; never let emotions rule your trading,” and #8, which reads, “If a trade is obviously going against you, get out of the way before it turns into a disaster.” Stripped of their fancy attire, #3 says, “Don’t panic during trading” and #8 says, “Go ahead and panic!” Such formulations are, in the final analysis, utterly useless.

What I finally desired to create was a description not of each of the trees, but of the forest. After several years of trading, I came up with — guess what — another list! But this is not a list of “trading rules”; it’s a list of requirements for successful trading. Most worthwhile truths are simple, and this list contains only five items. …

Since 1999, Elliott Wave International senior analyst and trading instructor Jeffrey Kennedy has produced dozens of Trader’s Classroom lessons exclusively for his subscribers. While commodity markets are known as some of the toughest trading environments around, these actionable lessons from a skilled veteran can help you trade commodities, or any market for that matter, with more confidence.

Enjoy this excerpt from Elliott Wave International’s free Club EWI resource, the 32-page Commodity Trader’s Classroom.

Congestion “Congestion” is my term for sideways price movement or range trading. And the Elliott wave pattern that best fits this description is a triangle. Those of you who have held a position during these periods know that it’s not fun. But the upside is that congestion often provides support or resistance for future price movements regardless of when it occurs. In May Coffee (Figure 6-1), notice how the brief period of congestion that occurred in early November 2003 acted as support for the December pullback. This happened again when the January selloff fell into listless trading for the rest of the month.

The weekly chart of Sugar (Figure 6-2) shows how these periods can also act as resistance.

And if you think about it, the tendency of congestion phases to act as support or resistance is right in line with the Elliott wave guideline on fourth wave retracements: support for a fourth wave pullback is the previous fourth wave extreme of one lesser degree.

Highs, Lows and Gaps Other areas to watch for price reversals are previous highs and lows and also gaps. You can see on the chart of May Corn (Figure 6-3), for instance, that the September 2003 high was a significant hurdle for prices to overcome. For three months, each attempt to break through this level failed to produce a sizable decline. Also notice the small gap that occurred in early October. The December selloff closed this gap, and in doing so, introduced the subsequent rally. I have mentioned before how gaps often attract prices like magnets at first. Then they repel them — literally. Prices fill the gap and flee the scene, you could say.

The April chart of Lean Hogs (Figure 6-4) gives us two examples of the same setup: The February advance failed at the previous high made in November 2003, and then fell back to close the late January gap. Prices failed at a previous high again in March and then closed the gap that occurred in February.

The last chart for Orange Juice (Figure 6-5) offers one example of how previous lows can provide resistance. Each bounce within the last ten months in OJ has met resistance at or near a previous low.

Learn more trading techniques in Jeffrey’s 32-page collection of practical trading lessons — absolutely free! Here’s what else you’ll learn: How to Make Yourself a Better Trader How the Wave Principle Can Improve Your Trading When to Place a Trade How to Apply Fibonacci Math to Real-World Trading How to Integrate Technical Analysis into an Elliott Wave Forecast Download your copy of Commodity Trader’s Classroom now.

Understand the basics of the subject matter, break it down to its smallest parts — and you’ve laid a good foundation for proper application of… well, anything, really. That’s what we had in mind when we put together our free 10-lesson online Basic Elliott Wave Tutorial, based largely on Robert Prechter’s classic “Elliott Wave Principle — Key to Market Behavior.” Here’s an excerpt:

Successful market timing depends upon learning the patterns of crowd behavior. By anticipating the crowd, you can avoid becoming a part of it. …the Wave Principle is not primarily a forecasting tool; it is a detailed description of how markets behave. In markets, progress ultimately takes the form of five waves of a specific structure.

The personality of each wave in the Elliott sequence is an integral part of the reflection of the mass psychology it embodies. The progression of mass emotions from pessimism to optimism and back again tends to follow a similar path each time around, producing similar circumstances at corresponding points in the wave structure.

These properties not only forewarn the analyst about what to expect in the next sequence but at times can help determine one’s present location in the progression of waves, when for other reasons the count is unclear or open to differing interpretations.

As waves are in the process of unfolding, there are times when several different wave counts are perfectly admissible under all known Elliott rules. It is at these junctures that knowledge of wave personality can be invaluable. If the analyst recognizes the character of a single wave, he can often correctly interpret the complexities of the larger pattern.

The following discussions relate to an underlying bull market… These observations apply in reverse when the actionary waves are downward and the reactionary waves are upward.

1) First waves — …about half of first waves are part of the “basing” process and thus tend to be heavily corrected by wave two. In contrast to the bear market rallies within the previous decline, however, this first wave rise is technically more constructive, often displaying a subtle increase in volume and breadth. Plenty of short selling is in evidence as the majority has finally become convinced that the overall trend is down. Investors have finally gotten “one more rally to sell on,” and they take advantage of it. The other half of first waves rise from either large bases formed by the previous correction, as in 1949, from downside failures, as in 1962, or from extreme compression, as in both 1962 and 1974. From such beginnings, first waves are dynamic and only moderately retraced.

Read the rest of this 10-lesson Basic Elliott Wave Tutorial online now, free! Here’s what you’ll learn: What the basic Elliott wave progression looks like Difference between impulsive and corrective waves How to estimate the length of waves How Fibonacci numbers fit into wave analysis Practical application tips for the method And More Keep reading this free tutorial today.

EWI’s Jeffrey Kennedy shows you what a simple price bar can tell you about a market

Senior Analyst Jeffrey Kennedy has spent over 15 years developing techniques to “read between the lines” on a price chart, and he shares some of his techniques with you in a new FREE eBook: Learn to Identify High Probability Trading Opportunities Using Price Bars and Chart Patterns.

You’d be amazed at how a simple price bar can provide you with so much information that can improve your trading success. In this excerpt from his new eBook, Jeffrey explains how to interpret price bars and what that means for the subsequent market moves. Learn how you can download the entire 14-page eBook below.

Here’s a picture of two different price bars that we will consider to be daily price bars. What story does the single price bar on the left tell you?

Prices opened that day at the lowest price and closed at the highest price, which means that the buyers, or bulls, are in total control of the market. The bears have no power whatsoever, and, because the market closed so high, odds are that the price will continue up the next day. As I said, one price bar can give you tons of information about a financial market.

Now, look at the price bar on the right. It tells you a similar story in the opposite direction. Once the market opened, it got slammed to the down side. It stayed down hard all day and closed on the lows. A market like this is dominated by the bears, the sellers, and odds favor further decline the following day. It means that the bulls, or the buyers, have no control in this market.

Although these kinds of price bars are fairly rare, they may open your eyes to how much information a single price bar can contain, especially if you know how to interpret it.

These two price bars are more like what you will encounter every day.

The price bar on the left side shows that the bears, or the sellers, opened the market up and pushed it down a little bit. In a sense, they had some control, but not much. Then the buyers, or the bulls, took control of this market so that it closed above the open. This type of price bar shows up in an uptrending market.

Conversely, the price bar on the right often shows up in downtrending markets. It signifies that the bears control the market. You could say that the buyers gave it a feeble attempt early on, but by the close, the sellers had taken over. Closes don’t lie, and they are the most important item on the price chart.

Learn to Identify High Probability Trading Opportunities Using Price Bars and Chart Patterns When you look at a price chart, can you quickly spot the dominant trend? What about important reversals, or possible support/resistance levels? EWI has just released a free 14-page eBook: Learn to Identify High Probability Trading Opportunities Using Price Bars and Chart Patterns. Senior Analyst Jeffrey Kennedy has spent over 15 years developing techniques to “read between the lines” on a price chart, and he shares some of his techniques with you in this new resource. You’ll be amazed at how a simple price chart can provide you so much information that can improve your trading success. Download your free report now.

How Do You Get from Dow Theory to Elliott Wave Analysis?

If you are interested in Elliott wave analysis, odds are that you have also heard of Dow Theory, whose best and longest-lived proponent is Richard Russell. (Best wishes to Richard as he recovers his health.) This excerpt from Prechter’s Perspective explains how Elliott wave analysis and Dow Theory are connected. We wanted to run it now in honor of the 160th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dow, which the Market Technicians Association celebrates on Wall Street on Thursday, November 3, 2011. 

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Excerpted from Prechter’s Perspective, 2004

Q: What was R. N. Elliott looking for in the stock market data in the late 1930s? Did he have a model or theory about price behavior?

Bob Prechter: Elliott had no basic premises, just a mind that was open to the idea that the market might be patterned, which he may have adopted from the then relatively new Dow Theory, which was a set of very few and far more general observations about market behavior. Though the Dow Theorists formed only very rough concepts, they broke ground, tremendous ground, in merely coming up with their observations that market behavior was non-random and tied to investor psychology. That was probably the germ of the idea that kicked off Elliott’s research.

Q: What was his procedure?

Bob Prechter: He did what every good researcher must do. First, he recorded the data that reality provided. He looked at the movements on chart paper and wondered, “Can I find forms that occur over and over again?” His answer was, “Yes.” He found that they occurred on hourly moves, daily moves, weekly, yearly. He even plotted moves that were decades long and noticed that they were following the same form. Likewise, the specific market did not matter. It could be the stock market, the gold price, interest rates or any other market. Then he organized the data, which was his talent. He began recognizing recurrences in the data, so it became clear that there were indeed repetitive patterns, which he ultimately organized into concepts.

Q: What exactly is Dow Theory and how does it relate to the Wave Principle?

Bob Prechter: The Dow Theory was developed by Charles Dow in the late 1800s. One of the tenets of Dow Theory is that, in general, a primary bull market runs in three upward phrases. In the initial phase, there is a lot of disbelief, and the markets are at very depressed levels. The middle phase is a kind of recognition phase when people begin to realize that the fundamentals are improving, and the markets are rising in harmony with them. The final stage is when the euphoria and the gambling come in. Elliott discovered that this basic formula of three steps up, separated by two intervening corrections, making five waves, was applicable not just to a primary bull market but to any degree of advance. He then observed that corrections take a different path: a three-wave shape or variation thereof. Then he observed that these cycles were not independent of each other but part of the market’s larger structure, which in turn developed according to these principles.

Q: It is through Charles Collins that we know about the genesis of the theory. He more or less sponsored Elliott’s introduction to Wall Street and helped him think through various aspects of becoming professional. In fact, he was the ghostwriter of a good deal of Elliott’s first important book, The Wave Principle, which came out in 1938. Did Collins make any contribution to the theory itself?

Bob Prechter: Yes. The catalyst for tying the Wave Principle to grander natural forces was Collins’s discovery that the number of waves in Elliott’s idealized pattern reflected the Fibonacci sequence. Collins wrote Elliott during the development of the theory and said in essence, “You ought to read this book by Jay Hambidge on Fibonacci ratios and spirals, because I noticed that when you count the waves through lower and lower degrees of trend, you find the Fibonacci sequence.” That sent Elliott off on the track to his grand conclusion. It is comforting to know that he did not start with the Fibonacci sequence or a theory based on it and then force nature to it. Nature showed its law, and these two men observed it.

Q: Is Fibonacci really that crucial to the theory?

Bob Prechter: It is not crucial to the what, but it is crucial to the why. First, Elliott observed the Wave Principle operate. Then he took the next step and asked, “Why does it exist?” He concluded that there must be some progression that human beings go through as they move overall from a state of deep pessimism to extreme optimism and back again, because they continue to trace out these patterns. His eventual conclusion was that it was a natural law of human behavior, that human beings were part of the natural world, and just like trees and wolves and lemmings and anything else you can name, they have certain ways of acting. It shows up in the charts vividly, making it clear that mass psychology is structured. The unifying conclusion, that mankind’s progress follows a law of nature exhibited by countless forms of life, is a profound and reasonable explanation that fits the facts.

Learn about R.N. Elliott’s Wave Analysis with The Basic Tutorial — Free from Elliott Wave International  Now you know how R.N. Elliott did his research. Next, learn how to analyze price charts using his form of analysis. The Elliott Wave Basic Tutorial is a 10-lesson comprehensive course with the same content you’d receive in a formal training class — but you can learn at your own pace and review the material as many times as you like! Get 10 FREE Lessons on The Elliott Wave Principle that Will Change the Way You Invest Forever >>